The country’s capital is Reykjavik. But even among Western business cultures, conceptions of time can differ. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Business ethics guides people to practice commerce professionally and honestly and in a way that permits as many as possible to flourish. In particular, research has explored how an individual’s religion (religious beliefs, religious denomination, strength of religious devotion, etc.) 2. Jillian Armstrong leads an external audit team reviewing the financial statements of Islamabad Investment Bank in Islamabad, Pakistan. History shows that religions succeed when they fit the cultural milieu of the time. Values of Protestant Christianity were often used to justify ________. Factor # 1. This might include language translation, adapting content to the tastes and consumption habits of the local market, and converting measurements. Many believed that people could not be persuaded to do the right thing without the threat of eternal damnation. These goals need not be in conflict, but they must be integrated if the company is to reach an ethically sound agreement with the host country. All rights reserved. As a general rule, “contact” cultures—where people stand closer together when interacting, touch more often, and have more frequent direct eye contact—are found in South America, the Middle East, and southern Europe, while “noncontact” cultures—where eye contact and touching are less frequent, and there is less physical proximity during interactions—are in northern Europe, the Far East, and the United States. Climate and geography play major roles in … All of this speaks to the awareness and cultural sensitivity that must be exhibited by an ethical manager doing business in a region different from his or her own. The nomadic inhabitants of North Africa known as the Tuareg sit down to tea before discussing any business, and as a rule, the longer the time spent in preliminary conversation, the better. For this and many other reasons, basic cultural literacy must be at the forefront of any ethical system that governs business behavior. To put it in economic terms, all cultures share the resource of time, but they measure and use that resource very differently. Of course, Rockefeller’s concept of stewardship—an attitude toward money and capital that stresses care and responsibility rather than pure utility—can be found across cultures and religions in various forms, and there are many similarities among the Judaic, Islamic, and Christian views of money and its use toward a greater end. Commerce and trade followed these norms. Religion, Geography and Culture • Religion in an integral part of any culture group. There was, for centuries, a mutual hostility and demonization between Christians and Muslims that broke into outright conflict during the Crusades; this hostility made it unlikely that members of the two groups would consider adopting each others' faith, though there are areas in southern Europe where the groups lived in peace for a long time until warfare broke out after the collapse of the former Yugoslavia. A company looking to move its production to another country may be interested in setting up supply, distribution, and value chains that support human rights, worker safety, and equity for women, while the local culture is excited about the economic benefits it will gain from the company’s investment in employment and the local tax base and infrastructure. Despite criticism, even from family members, Rockefeller donated enormous sums to many causes, especially medical research (in the form of Rockefeller University) and higher education. It can affect the same culture in different ways at different times. Compare this with the Western attitude that “time flies” and “time is money.” Finally, Westerners doing business in some English-speaking African countries have learned that if they want something immediately, they have to say “now now” as “now” by itself does not convey the desired sense of immediacy. Motions of the Earth 2. Until the Reformation, the Church was a power to be reckoned with in both religious and secular matters. Mithraism, for example, was spread throughout the Roman world by soldiers who often had to serve in areas far from their places of birth; while Islam spread through military conquest (as in Spain and the Balkans), or through trade (as in Indonesia). How we perceive things is largely affected by our judgment skills, preconceived notions, attitude, and emotions. There are also cases of syncretism, i.e. True or false? The specific cultural contexts in which religions form may also make them difficult for others to understand or appreciate; ancient Roman writers, for example, found the Jewish practice of circumcision incomprehensible, and it was commonly believed that the Jews were not circumcised but castrated. The Enlightenment attempted to separate religion and ethics but could not. And, of course, miscommunications can occur not just across regional boundaries and business cultures but even within them. is linked to their cultural beliefs and background. Fish might be a major part of their diet. In judging something as easy or difficult, our attitude and our motivation levels play a key role. 3 Religion: Origins and Diffusion Cultural Geography A Geography of Religion For many people, religion, more than any other cultural trait, defines who they are and how they understand the world around them. These cultural differences have sometimes been dealt with by adapting a faith to its new circumstances—Christianity incorporated aspects of many local cultures, as when the date of Christmas was set in the middle of winter to take advantage of the traditional Roman Saturnalia, and All Saints' Day came to be associated with the Celtic festival of Samhain. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. In perceiving something as good or bad, our biases play a role and so does our way of thinking. Still, a global ethical demeanor requires that we be as conscious as possible as to what constitutes courtesy wherever we find ourselves conducting business. Osiris presided over the afterlife and in death, all righteous Egyptians became Osiris. Did you know that every region of France has its own kind of wine and bread .There are like 400 different types of cheeses all classified by the type of milk they are made with (cow, goat, or ewe)they are all made in France How does Geography is one of the factors widely associated by historians with the social, political, and cultural development of a particular region. The Workplace Environment and Working Conditions, Contributing to a Positive Work Atmosphere, Criticism of the Company and Whistleblowing, Recognizing and Respecting the Rights of All, Accommodating Different Abilities and Faiths, Animal Rights and the Implications for Business, Ethical Issues in the Provision of Health Care, Changing Work Environments and Future Trends, Alternatives to Traditional Patterns of Work, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and the Workplace of the Future, Business Ethics in an Evolving Environment, Making a Difference in the Business World, Profiles in Business Ethics: Contemporary Thought Leaders. Religion and Beliefs . Employers have the right to establish a dress code and expect employees to abide by it. Another aspect of international business relationships is the question of personal space. As a result, we know more about the development and dispersal of the major religions than we do of languages. Business attire is another, as is humor, which is notoriously hard to translate across languages and cultures. A huge factor in different cultures is different religions. If so, how would it accommodate the differences across time, regions, and cultures discussed in this chapter? This can be a matter of managing expectations. Although the church officially opposed slavery, the conquest of new lands was justified theologically as bringing salvation and civilization to populations considered savage and unsophisticated. No one was more convinced of the link between religious faith and success in business than Rockefeller, who clung to his Baptist faith from his early years until his death in 1937. 1. Join now. The acceptance of a new religion, or of any new practice or idea, is also affected by the cultural values of the people exposed to it. or else why had He lavished such bounty on him?”. What should she do for lunch? This helps them live within a set of rules unlike the animals. In the movie The Intern, Robert De Niro’s senior character wears conservative blue and gray suits to his job at an e-commerce fashion startup, whereas the younger men dress very casually. Later in life, and as his philanthropic motivation increased, his endowment of several charitable causes more fully reflected his belief as to how God wished him to dispose of a sizable portion of his wealth. How could language or religion influence the diffusion of the other? Such adaption often starts with language translation but may include customizing content or products to the tastes and consumption habits of the local market; converting currencies, dates, and other measurements to regional standards; and addressing community regulations and legal requirements. Places along the coast may have an oceangoing culture. Religion continues to be a forceful influence on ethical systems. relationship of every individual to the spiritual things they have regarded as holy and worthy of their highest reverence How would you reconcile cultural differences between so-called contact and noncontact cultures in the context of business negotiations? Now the simple fact is that geography and culture do not affect your belief the way the skeptic is trying to … In Kenya, tutaonana baadaye means “see you later,” although “later” could be any time, open to context and interpretation. Might we see a universal, secular code of ethics developing in place of religion? Services, What Is Religion? The core of Christianity, for instance, does not change, but its emphasis in any given period does. How does religion help and/or hurt society? © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. Religion dominates the lives and behavior of … ADVERTISEMENTS: The following points highlight the four main factors of geography that have influence on society and culture. Dialogue and openness are crucial to this process, just as they are in every other kind of relationship. Religion and Ethics A major factor in the difference that geography and culture make in our ethical standards is the influence of religious practice. In Egypt, however, religion was very positive. The factors are: 1. What do you think would be the effect of Jillian’s accepting the local custom but continuing her own personal preference at mealtimes? Can two ways of life exist side by side at work? How do geography and culture affect the formation of religion? 1. In July 2018 Mothercare PLC announced to the... What pyramid did Imhotep build in ancient... How did transcendentalism unite American... What is the difference between dark romanticism... What is the significance of transcendentalism in... What were the common themes associated with... Why did transcendentalism develop after... How did transcendentalism affect American... How did transcendentalism start in literature? hamzaabubacar25 hamzaabubacar25 22.10.2020 Religion Senior High School Geography and culture affects religion because 1 The Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) learned Mandarin, adopted Chinese dress, translated Confucian texts into Latin, and was welcomed into the Chinese emperor’s court as a scholar. Just as concepts of time and space vary from culture to culture, so do the influence of religious tradition and authority on ethics and what is considered appropriate behavior, whether individual or corporate. The age of uncomfortable dresses and starched white shirts may be over, but cultural standards, along with underlying values that prioritize, say, innovation over uniformity, change over time and even within the same company. The interaction of culture and geography is called human geography, which is the study of people's language, religion, medicine, economics and entertainment and how these practices have been influenced by their location. A major factor in the difference that geography and culture make in our ethical standards is the influence of religious practice. The opposite is also true—the geographical unity of the Roman Empire, which was organized around cities connected to one another by an elaborate system of roads, made it possible for Christianity to spread from the eastern Meditteranean to Europe and northern Africa. Religions organize themselves – their institutions, practitioners, and structures – in a variety of fashions. Ethical standards and practices governing these relationships depend on the environment they exist in, an environment that, in turn, depends on additional factors such as geography and religion. Business ethics will have to balance all these factors when adopting standards of conduct and local practices. This cooperation was evident during the era of mercantilism when the issue of personhood, or the privilege of having the freedom and capacity to make decisions and act morally, was hotly debated in the context of slavery, a practice that had been going on for centuries in the Christian West and the Islamic East. Localization is the process of adapting a product for use or sale in other nations and cultures. Unlike the notion of historical time discussed in the previous module, the concept of time in business—people’s approach to punctuality, for example—varies widely in different cultures. For example, unless you are a barista at a hipster coffee bar, it may not be a good idea to wear piercings, tattoos, or colorfully dyed hair to work. Also important in th… The forces of culture are strong, and they infiltrate almost everything in our daily lives, with religion being no exception. In the modern era, the ease of travel and communication makes it possible for even religious traditions associated with specific regions to spread far beyond their borders, as has been the case with Tibetan Buddhism (which is now under threat in Tibet itself). What is your opinion about workplace dress codes, and how far should employers go in setting dress and other behavior standards? Cultural Diversity = Religious Diversity? In order for a new faith, or any system of belief, to spread it would need to be carried by people who were on the move for that purpose or some other. How does culture affect food in France ? Religious structures - such as places of worship, and other sacred sites - dominate many landscapes. In its study of leadership effectiveness and organizational behavior across cultures, the GLOBE leadership project of the Beedie School of Business at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, found leader effectiveness is contextual and strongly connected to cultural and organizational values. And How Religion Affects Culture? Scholars are also aware that these definitions are not static. Are the Values Central to Business Ethics Universal? Are the two concepts inextricably linked? Religion’s role in business is less certain today; we are perhaps more likely to see a universal, secular code of ethics develop than to see religion serve as common ground for different cultures to come together. Cambodia - Cambodia - Religion: Most ethnic Khmer are Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhists (i.e., belonging to the older and more traditional of the two great schools of Buddhism, the other school being Mahayana). Ancient Greece, for example, was not a nation but a collection of independent city-states which were naturally isolated from one another by the mountainous area in which they were found; while ancient Egypt was, for most of its history, a single unified kingdom whose entire welfare depended upon the Nile River that ran through it from north to south. The Christians separate material and spiritual lives; you are allowed to accept God in private life, while you practice democracy and capitalism in social life. Time and space are just two examples of cultural characteristics that you may take for granted but that are not universal. In fact, the Protestant work ethic, religion, and a commitment to hard work all are intertwined in the business history of both these countries. It seems like the atheist is an atheist, not for rational reasons, but because of culture and geography based on their own logic (or lack thereof)! Learn more about Iceland, including its history. Geography and culture affects religion because - 5365374 1. Variations in religious landscapes also give particular regions a unique character and can be seen in the form, orientation, density, and architecture of structures. Religion is the most recent major component of culture to develop. Monasteries were set up throughout Europe as either destinations or as waystations for pilgrimages. The practice of religion is inseparably tied to our cultural habitat. As global markets become increasingly connected and interdependent, we navigate more of our valued relationships across international boundaries. Join now. The Concept of Ethical Business in Ancient Athens, Ethical Advice for Nobles and Civil Servants in Ancient China, Comparing the Virtue Ethics of East and West, Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number, Ethical Decision-Making and Prioritizing Stakeholders, Three Special Stakeholders: Society, the Environment, and Government, Corporate Law and Corporate Responsibility, Sustainability: Business and the Environment, The Impact of Culture and Time on Business Ethics, The Relationship between Business Ethics and Culture. One example of this singular association is John D. Rockefeller, who, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, commanded the attention given today to Bill Gates and Warren Buffet as emblems of free enterprise. Although religious practices and cultural assumptions remain strongly in place, fewer people in the West today profess a religion than in the past. The place of our birth and our cultural environment heavily influence our behavior. Watch this episode of “American Experience” on John D. Rockefeller, Sr. from the Public Broadcasting System to learn more about him. Consider, for example, that in the United States, we might speak of “a New York minute,” “the nick of time,” “the eleventh hour,” and so on. Next: Are the Values Central to Business Ethics Universal? The Relationship Between Geography and Religion It can be clearly sensed by the influence of religion shaping our world, being understood by what inhabits it. Log in. Religious traditions - Hindu ritual bathing in the Ganges, for example - leave their mark on the physical appearance of an area. People tend to follow rules for marriage, work, business, death and other aspects of life. These differences might significantly affect the foundation of any business relationships you may want to establish around the world. Lying on the constantly active geologic border between North America and Europe, Iceland is a land of vivid contrasts of climate, geography, and culture. Ancient Egyptian Religion and the Nile River. Until 1975 Buddhism was officially recognized as the state religion of Cambodia. Behavioral norms for the clergy were founded and supported by the divine right of kings and the authority of religious tradition ((Figure)). Ask your question. Osiris, perhaps the most popular god, represented the resurrection from death to life in the remarkable story of his rebirth after being murdered by his evil brother. Most religions transition thr… Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. Religion is an essential element of the human condition. She has decided to leave well enough alone as long as everyone does their work, but now she faces a dilemma. Do both and you will be happy in both the worlds, and these are disconnected. Or perhaps fast with her team and eat at sundown? One element of business culture you may not realize is based on local custom and culture is the notion of time. Hence the growing importance of localization, the process of adapting a product for non-native environments and languages, especially other nations and cultures. Such expressions make sense in a culture where the enculturation process emphasizes competition and speed. For example, just as the current debate over the redistribution of goods and services has Christian roots, so the Industrial Revolution in England and northern Europe looked to Protestant Christianity in particular for the values of frugality, hard work, industriousness, and simplicity. For instance, when the Roman Catholic Church emerged, it borrowed many of its organizational principles from the ancient Roman military and turned senators into cardinals, for example. On the other hand, geographical boundaries meant that some religious groups were limited to a particular region; the Karaite sect in medieval Judaism, for example, was centered in the Jewish community of Babylonia, and from there established branches in Egypt and Russia which for centuries remained the centers of that culture. Religious Influence in Society. At one point in the film, De Niro’s character asks, “Doesn’t anybody tuck in their shirt?” Leaving your shirt untucked has become more acceptable in recent years, and the black t-shirt and jeans favored in Silicon Valley are now quite fashionable in some business environments. Distribution of Land Mass and Water Mass 3. People may speak the same language but have quite different beliefs either as members of different major religions … Another aspect of the relationship between religion and geography is religious geography, in which geographical ideas are influenced by religion, such as early map-making, and the biblical geography that developed in the 16th century to identify places from the Bible. Christianity was thought to save them from their pagan ways just as Islam and the message of the prophet saved unbelievers in the East. When people in a culture believe strongly in a given religion, it can have a huge impact on their culture.... For example, almost all cultural expression was church-related. In some cultures, touch is important in establishing connection, whereas in others it may be frowned upon. Learn more about Ricci’s approach and the relationship between Western and Ming Chinese views of ethics on this webpage. How do you think clothing might affect an international company’s approach to business ethics? How can one cultural trait influence the spread of another cultural trait? Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe the impact of geography on global relationships and business ethics, Explain how religion informs ethical business practice around the world. A major factor in the difference that geography and culture make in our ethical standards is the influence of religious practice. Our culture determines the structure of our thinking, which influences our perceptio… Under the Khmer Rouge, all religious practices were forbidden. In most cases, the religious beliefs are inherited, either directly from the people that raised you or from the society that already has, and let us use this word bravely now, an established dominant religion. The most studied component of the geography of religion is the religious landscape, or the religious imprint on the material cultural landscape. . These factors are closely linked with our culture. Motions of the Earth: Our behaviour-patterns, daily work-schedules as well as festivals and […] In other words, business has a role beyond merely reflecting the culture in which it operates. She proposes several times that team members keep up their strength by drinking water or tea, but her suggestions are met with awkward silence. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. And some cultures do not measure the passage of time at all. In Nigeria, for example, standing either too close or too far from someone to whom you are speaking might be seen as impolite. Log in. Two common models are used for understanding cultural spread, which include cultural diffusion and cultural region models where concepts of core and periphery of cultural ideas reflects areas where less or more presence of a given culture is present. This leads to a systematic behavior by all the people in the society. All three of these religions teach that no harm should be done to others, nor should people be treated as means toward a material end like wealth. Should she eat in her office, out of sight of the team and bank employees? Religion is one which imparts culture to most of the societies. Like language, religion confers identity. The study also concluded that, although leaders learn to adapt to cultural expectations, they often have to exceed those expectations to be truly successful. An early 20th-century philosopher spoke of the impending decline of the West. Generally, the farther east and south we travel from the United States, the more time becomes relational rather than chronological. • Religion regions overlap both ethnic and language regions. Of the forces shaping the geography of culture, language and religion are two of the most powerful, but as a divisive force religion plays a more prominent role. Because there are differences in the characteristics, history, and interaction with the environment and society, religions also have distinctive landscapes. Social Stratification: Definition, Theories & Examples, Emile Durkheim's Theories: Functionalism, Anomie and Division of Labor, Agents of Socialization: Family, Schools, Peers and Media, Introduction to World Religions: Help and Review, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, UExcel Introduction to Music: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Music: Certificate Program, Introduction to Humanities: Help and Review, DSST Introduction to World Religions: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to World Religions: Certificate Program, Introduction to Humanities: Certificate Program, Humanities Survey for Teachers: Professional Development, History of Major World Religions Study Guide, Introduction to Textiles & the Textile Industry, Biological and Biomedical Destinations or as waystations for pilgrimages preference at mealtimes influence the diffusion the... Many other reasons, basic cultural literacy must be at the forefront of business... 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